Cutting metal - Jul 12, 2022 · DeWalt DeWalt D28715 Chop Saw. $219 at Amazon. Key Specs. Vise capacity: 9 3⁄8 in. Pipe-cut time: 11.14 sec. There’s a lot to like with this DeWalt, like how despite not being the test’s ...

 
How to cut metal with a Dremel 3000. Setting up. Cutting metal with Dremel 300 Rotary Tools is easy with the use of one of the cut-off wheels. It's a handy way .... Leather gloves women

At A Glance: Our Top 5 Picks For Metal Band Saws. Our Top Pick: KAKA BS-712N. Jet HBS-916W. Grizzly Industrial G0613. WEN 3970T. JET 414559. Hydraulics form the basis of the bandsaw’s operations, including control of the bow’s position, blade tension, and amount of pressure necessary for various cuts.Why we like it: The hacksaw has both 90 and 180-degree adjustable angles for the blade to allow for flush cutting. The frame is of metal, and the tension knob is big, comfortable, and easy to grip fully. Also, the hacksaw has a blade tension of up to 225 pounds, it has a cutting depth of 4.375, and a blade length of 12-inches that's fixed.8 Easy ways to cut metal (Affordable!!) Fishin N Stuff. 245K subscribers. Subscribe. 3.1K. 58K views 2 months ago. Ta Day we are looking …Another excellent choice, if you require a solid metal-cutting tool, is the MK Morse CSM14MB, by Metal Devil. It cuts metal safely and quickly, and is suitable for electricians, heat and air conditioning experts, mechanical workers, handymen, and contractors alike. Performance Forget other tools that you saw at building sites.Tips for Cutting and Installing Wire Shelving . For any partial-length cut shelves, place the cut ends against the wall and leave the factory-finished end exposed. Always let the cutting tool fully complete the cut. Do not twist off the metal toward the end of the cut, as this creates tags and burrs that will need to be filed down.Tools that cut materials are called cutting tools, most commonly used in machinery and fabrication. Cutting tools can be used for wood, metals, glass or any other type of material....We have successfully promoted metal bands of all genres, from Heavy Metal through to Progressive. For features on our own channels specifically we focus on promoting more aggressive metal music - death metal, technical death metal, melodic death metal, extreme metal, deathcore, metalcore and thrash. For metal music promotion campaigns beyond ...cutting-metal-surplus. The Cutting Metal Surplus problem is a classic optimization problem that involves cutting metal rods into smaller pieces to maximize profit. The problem assumes that a metal supplier has a set of metal rods of various lengths and wants to cut them into smaller pieces to sell. The supplier can cut each rod into any number ...Jul 23, 2023 · The DEWALT DCS491B is a high-quality metal shear designed for cutting 18-gauge mild steel and 20-gauge stainless steel. Its swivel head allows for easy and precise cuts at any angle. This tool features a powerful 20V motor and a 360-degree swivel head, providing excellent maneuverability. Aug 25, 2023 ... Makita Has Delivered The Best Metal Cutting Saw We Have Ever Used. The Saw: https://amzn.to/3PbVtu3 (Affiliate Link) My Other Saws: Track ...The most classic way to cut metal (especially steel or aluminum) is by using a hacksaw. These tools are small and cheap and are best for cutting into really …Jan 19, 2023 · Using light pressure and short strokes, cut up against the tape (or a pair of tightened nuts). The fastener’s threads may make starting the cut a bit difficult because the saw blade’s teeth ... Reciprocating saws do not accurately cut, though. So for cutting steel pipes, these saws are best for demolition work. Circular saw. Circular saws can quickly cut through steel pipes. Ensure the saw’s blade is meant for cutting hard metal. Before cutting, ensure that the steel pipe is clamped down. Also, take extra care with a circular saw.Sep 22, 2023 · Start by marking your cutting line with a pencil or marker. Then, put on your personal protective equipment, including safety goggles, gloves, and a mask. Turn on the angle grinder and position the blade at a 45-degree angle to the metal. Follow the marking and apply firm pressure to the grinder as you cut. Cutting metal with a multi tool can be a daunting task, but it doesn’t have to be. Prior to beginning, it’s crucial to ensure you have certain safety equipment readily available. Goggles: Safety goggles should always be worn when cutting metal, as sparks and debris will fly off the material during the process.Step-by-Step Guide to Cutting Metal Roofing Panels. Now let’s dive into the step-by-step process of cutting metal roofing panels: 1. Measure and Mark. Begin by measuring the dimensions of the area where the panel needs to be cut. Use a tape measure and marker to mark the cutting lines on the underside of the metal sheet. 2.Metal Cutting Bandsaw Blades Find by LengthCustom LengthFind by MachinePortable BandsawsSee our precision-engineered metal cutting bandsaw blades, designed for superior efficiency. The high performance of these blades effortlessly cut through various metals, delivering clean and precise cuts. Expertly engineered for precision and …By GarageHobbyist March 4, 2022. Metal cutting tools play a huge role in metalworking. When starting out you may have to decide on one or two tools until …Blade 4: Makita A-93681. The Makita A-93681 is a 10-inch metal cutting blade that is designed to cut through a variety of metals, including steel and aluminum. It features a 80-tooth construction that ensures clean and precise cuts, as well as a carbide-tipped design that helps to extend its lifespan.Reciprocating saws do not accurately cut, though. So for cutting steel pipes, these saws are best for demolition work. Circular saw. Circular saws can quickly cut through steel pipes. Ensure the saw’s blade is meant for cutting hard metal. Before cutting, ensure that the steel pipe is clamped down. Also, take extra care with a circular saw.When cutting metal, you’ll want to use cut and puncture-resistant gloves, plus gloves that won’t melt due to the heat produced when cutting the metal. You can find some good options here. Safety Glasses. Cutting metal produces a lot of tiny shards that can easily go in your eyes.Milwaukee Metal Cutting Circular Saw. Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation has been around since the mid-twenties. They make a wide variety of power tools and other accessories for industrial professionals. Their metal cutting circular saw model the M18 FUEL is one of the fastest and longest-lived metal cutting saws available.Step 4 – Cutting the Sheet Metal. Gradually apply pressure on the spinning wheel in front of the metal sheet where you made a line marking. Slowly follow the markings you made on the sheet metal. Do not attempt to push the grinder forward with force, as this can cause the grinder to bounce. Make sure you hold the grinder firmly, and always ...Cutting of metal plate, bar, castings, forgings, fabrications and part machined items in stainless steel, nickel alloys, steel alloys, titanium, aluminium etc. is within our capability. Even with the saw maximum capacities, we can often cut larger items depending on the particular cut to be achieved – contact our cutting office to discuss your requirement.Mar 18, 2023 · Metal cutting circular saws are like cold saws allow the user to carry out spark-free cuts on different types of steel materials. These are unlike your regular circular saws for cutting wood. They come equipped with lower RPM motors to ensure safe cuts, and are equipped with special types of blades for cutting through metal efficiently. When cutting metal, you’ll want to use cut and puncture-resistant gloves, plus gloves that won’t melt due to the heat produced when cutting the metal. You can find some good options here. Safety Glasses. Cutting metal produces a lot of tiny shards that can easily go in your eyes.Sep 22, 2023 · Start by marking your cutting line with a pencil or marker. Then, put on your personal protective equipment, including safety goggles, gloves, and a mask. Turn on the angle grinder and position the blade at a 45-degree angle to the metal. Follow the marking and apply firm pressure to the grinder as you cut. same 12,000 RPM speed. to achieve the 0.0005'' chipload at 12,000RPM with this 2-flute endmill, the feedrate needs to be 0.0005'' × 2 flutes × 12000 RPM = 12ipm = 300mm/min. plungerate of 100mm/min (4ipm) again. for depth of cut I tried the high end of the recommended range for metals, i.e. 10% of the endmill diameter, so 0.012'' / 0.3mm.Ardagh Metal Packaging News: This is the News-site for the company Ardagh Metal Packaging on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksFlame cutting is perhaps the most common type of thermal cutting process out there, depending on the kind of project you're doing. It has several sub-types ...Jun 5, 2021 ... A traditional carpentry tool might be useful in the weld shop. ****Affordable self-paced welding courses taught by me**** ...Learn how to cut metal with or without power tools, from hand tools like tin snips and hacksaws to power tools like nibblers and shears. Find out the …However, a tradesman that cuts heavy metal regularly may want to experiment with a 14-TPI blade compared to using a 18-TPI blade. Best Hacksaw Blade for PVC Pipes, and Steel Rods: 18-TPI Hacksaw Blade Overview. A 18-TPI blade gives you many of the same cutting abilities as a 14-TPI blade, but with less effort and smoother …Laser Cutting. Oxy-fuel Cutting or Flame Cutting. Waterjet Cutting. Plasma Cutting. The different types of metal cutting processes are more diverse than you can expect, and makes use of a variety of industrial machines in the Philippines. Technology has made it easier to cut metal into different shapes and sizes for multiple uses.The powerful National Association of Realtors has agreed to eliminate rules on commissions to settle lawsuits and to pay $418 million in damages, the …14” Circular Saw Blade with 66 Teeth, Carbide Tipped, 1 Inch Arbor for TCT Miter Saw Blade, Cermet Tip,Cutting Metal & Steel. 4.5 out of 5 stars. 74. $69.99 $ 69. 99. FREE delivery Mon, Mar 11 . Evolution. 10 Inch Multi Material Diamond Blade With Segmented Edge, 7/8 In Bore, Multi-Purpose & Metal Cutting Diamond Blade. To use a metal cutting saw, secure the metal workpiece tightly in a metal vice or clamp, then align the saw blade with the cutting line, switch on the saw and push the saw through the metal. It is simple, but care will still need to be taken at all times. Remember always to wear protective gear, such as a mask and safety glasses. Feb 11, 2024 · The key to a good, clean cut is having the right tool for the project. Some tools are great for long, straight cuts while others are made specifically for making tight contours. Below are six general categories of tools for cutting sheet metal. These include shears, circular saws, reciprocating saws, nibblers, disc cutters. We have successfully promoted metal bands of all genres, from Heavy Metal through to Progressive. For features on our own channels specifically we focus on promoting more aggressive metal music - death metal, technical death metal, melodic death metal, extreme metal, deathcore, metalcore and thrash. For metal music promotion campaigns beyond ...The 6 Best Metal Chop Saws. 1. Makita LC1230 Metal Chop Saw – Best Overall. Check Latest Price. The Makita LC1230 has a 15-amp motor that produces 1,700 RPM, which is plenty of power for slicing through 2×2 box tubing with ¼-inch wall thickness.This is a budget friendly high-quality chop saw that’s perfect for hobbyists. 4. DEWALT Metal Cutting Saw DW872. Dewalt’s cold cut chop saw is as you’d expect from a Dewalt product, one of the most popular saws on the market. It’s a pretty reliable saw but the main pain point is probably its price.Looking for a powerful and versatile chop saw for cutting metal? Check out the VEVOR Chop Saw, which features a 14-inch blade, a 2800W motor, and a 0-45° adjustable angle. This dry cut saw can handle steel, rebar, iron, aluminum, and more with ease and precision. Compare with other models and see why customers love it.Laser Cutting. Oxy-fuel Cutting or Flame Cutting. Waterjet Cutting. Plasma Cutting. The different types of metal cutting processes are more diverse than you can expect, and makes use of a variety of industrial machines in the Philippines. Technology has made it easier to cut metal into different shapes and sizes for multiple uses.Gas Cutting Mechanism and Conditions. The metal at the cutting point of the workpiece is preheated to its ignition temperature using an oxygen-acetylene flame, and then it is vigorously blown with a high-speed pure oxygen flow. At this point, the metal undergoes intense oxidation, and the generated heat melts the metal oxide into a liquid. Tips for cutting metal using a hacksaw. Always wear eye protection and gloves when cutting metal. Select the correct blade for the project being undertaken and ensure it is securely inserted in the frame/ handle with the teeth facing either forwards or backwards depending on preference. Check the blade is rigid, correctly aligned, and taut. Gas Cutting Mechanism and Conditions. The metal at the cutting point of the workpiece is preheated to its ignition temperature using an oxygen-acetylene flame, and then it is vigorously blown with a high-speed pure oxygen flow. At this point, the metal undergoes intense oxidation, and the generated heat melts the metal oxide into a liquid.2. Wen’s 3650 metal shears. CHECK TODAY’S PRICE on AMAZON. Wen’s 3650 metal shears with gauge rating support for 18 and 20-metal rating types.. You will be able to use these shears on top of the machine and use it to cut up to 2,500 strokes per minute.. This speed allows you to wrap your project up before your expected time and with great …Apr 20, 2019 · This blade is the best. Types of metal you can cut with the Diablo 7-1/4 in. x 48 TPI Cermet Steel Demon Ferrous Metal Cutting Saw Blade include: Steel studs, angle iron, flat bar, channel, EMT conduit (1/16 in. to 1/4 in. thick) Plate and bar stock (1/16 in. to 1/4 in. thick) 1/4 in. to 1 in. Dia threaded rods. This blade is only $ 29.97. At A Glance: Our Top 5 Picks For Metal Band Saws. Our Top Pick: KAKA BS-712N. Jet HBS-916W. Grizzly Industrial G0613. WEN 3970T. JET 414559. Hydraulics form the basis of the bandsaw’s operations, including control of the bow’s position, blade tension, and amount of pressure necessary for various cuts.Learn how to cut metal with or without power tools, from hand tools like tin snips and hacksaws to power tools like nibblers and shears. Find out the …Jan 4, 2024 · 12 Methods To Cut Metal Safely. Let’s run through the safest ways to cut metal, starting with the most obvious technique. 1. Hacksaw. This is the original and easiest way to cut metal. Hacksaws are versatile and can cut several other types of material, so it’s no wonder that most homeowners keep a hacksaw in the toolbox. 2. Miter Saw Cutting fluid is a (cutting tool) life saver in operations like tapping, reaming and drilling. Drilling in particular calls for lubrication at the drill’s tip and flushing to eject chips from the hole. Without fluids, chips can bind in the hole, and average roughness of the machined surface can be twice as high as what is possible with a wet ...Jul 26, 2022 · This is a handy method for cutting a hole in metal. You can cut a circular shape hole using a chisel. Start with the blade in the middle and slowly move towards the outer edges and then remove the excess material. Method 3: Using a hacksaw. This is the easiest method for cutting a hole in metal. If you don’t have a hacksaw then you can use a ... One of the main problems with using a wood cutting saw to cut through metal is the speed, as most of these saws go well beyond the recommended speed for cutting metal. To safely and efficiently cut through metal with a circular saw you’ll need to operate at a maximum no-load RPM of 5,000; otherwise, you may end up overheating …Conveniently located in the manufacturing hub of Seattle, Cutting Specialists, Inc. has a long history of successfully fulfilling our client’s saw cutting needs. Utilizing innovative manufacturing processes, we provide precise metal fabrication solutions to reduce lead times and improve profitability. Our attention to detail and customer ...1. Use Scissors for Thin Sheets. You can use scissors when cutting thin metal, such as aluminum foil, stainless steel foils, shims, or other thin metal sheeting up to 1/64 inch thick. This approach is used in craft applications, and large, sturdy scissors work best. Note that if you do this often, your scissors will eventually become blunt ...Oct 22, 2020 ... How to choose the right tools for cutting metal · Aviation Shears · Hacksaw · Air-Powered or Electric Die Grinder With 3-inch Cutoff Wheel. Prepare the area for cutting. Take all the safety precautions needed. If you are cutting sheet metal, clamp it and mark it. Do the cutting (adjust the applied pressure and speed accordingly); perform any final touches the project requires. Now let’s get to each one of those steps. How to Cut Metal With a Dremel – Step-by-Step Guide Dapatkan inspirasi seputar arsitektur, desain interior hingga furniture. Harga Jasa Laser Cutting Metal Mulai Rp350.000 Cek Sekarang! Dapatkan informasi lengkap terkait harga jasa laser cutting metal terbaru untuk berbagai kebutuhan anda. Mulai interior pagar, fasad hingga ornamen lainnya.Weight: 1.39 Pounds. Customer Review on Amazon: 4.8 out of 5. Greenlee 660 Hole Saw is one of the top lightweight hole saws for cutting metal that should definitely be on your bucket list if you are not on a budget. This efficient tool can cut through the thickest metals with its precision carbide teeth.Sep 20, 2021 ... The Sparks come from Carbon in the Steel which is heated to igniton temperature… Thats why cooling fluid is a good Idea… it also prevents ...Hacksaws are great for many jobs, but if you’re often cutting metals you might want to consider a few alternate options. Our top pick is the Lenox Tools 12-Inch High-Tension Hacksaw because it’s fast, accurate, and extremely versatile with the option of transforming it into a jab saw if needed. Also worth reading: Top 15 Metal Cutting Tools.12 Tools for Cutting Metal. 1. Hacksaw. The invention of the metal cutting hacksaw meant that a forge wasn't necessary and steel or other metals could be cut while cold. A hacksaw can be used to make accurate, fine cuts in metal using HSS steel or titanium-coated blades.Sep 22, 2023 · Start by marking your cutting line with a pencil or marker. Then, put on your personal protective equipment, including safety goggles, gloves, and a mask. Turn on the angle grinder and position the blade at a 45-degree angle to the metal. Follow the marking and apply firm pressure to the grinder as you cut. There are many reasons you might need metal signs. Whether it’s for personal use at the home or for commercial purposes, these signs are long-lasting and can withstand harsh weathe...Method 1. Cutting Thin-Gauge Steel and Sheet Metal. Download Article. 1. Use compound snips to make small cuts in thin-gauge steel. …Laser Cutting. Oxy-fuel Cutting or Flame Cutting. Waterjet Cutting. Plasma Cutting. The different types of metal cutting processes are more diverse than you can expect, and makes use of a variety of industrial machines in the Philippines. Technology has made it easier to cut metal into different shapes and sizes for multiple uses.Selecting the best fiber laser source for cutting metal can be a daunting task. Fiber laser cutting machines have revolutionized the field, offering unparalleled precision, speed, and material versatility. But with numerous options available, identifying what is the best laser source for cutting requires careful consideration of factors like budget, …Introduction. The MK Morse CSM9NXTB 9-Inch Metal Cutting Circular Saw is one of the best circular saws in its class. This powerful tool will set you back close to $400 but there’s reason. Once you use the CSM9NXTB, you won’t find a need to purchase a similar tool for years to come.However, developments in tooling have improved the cutting precision of the hacksaw. These days, most pros cut metal parts with a reciprocating saw, but they keep hacksaws on hand for jobs that …Consider material and finishing options along with design elements like bends, reliefs, holes, and slots when developing sheet metal components. Our laser cutting service offers a variety of metal materials to choose from. Upload a 3D CAD file to get an online quote today. Parts ship in as fast as 1 day.Typically expressed in units of distance per time, cutting speed can be measured in both imperial (e.g., surface feet per minute – SFM) and metric (e.g., meters per minute – m/min) systems.The formula for calculating cutting speed is: Cutting Speed (Vc) = (π * Diameter of Workpiece * Spindle Speed) / 12 (for SFM)Cutting metal is likely the hacksaw’s best known application, however these blades are also suitable for cutting through plastic, and wood and stone in special circumstances. This section briefly describes these applications and then focuses primarily on cutting metal.Weight: 1.39 Pounds. Customer Review on Amazon: 4.8 out of 5. Greenlee 660 Hole Saw is one of the top lightweight hole saws for cutting metal that should definitely be on your bucket list if you are not on a budget. This efficient tool can cut through the thickest metals with its precision carbide teeth.Grinder and Cut-Off Wheels. Grinding wheels are an excellent option for cutting quickly and cleanly for thin metals such as sheet metal or aluminum siding. To use them, attach the wheel to your grinder, line it up with the edge of the material that needs to be cut, and start grinding! This will produce a smooth cut with minimal sparks.Jul 23, 2023 · The DEWALT DCS491B is a high-quality metal shear designed for cutting 18-gauge mild steel and 20-gauge stainless steel. Its swivel head allows for easy and precise cuts at any angle. This tool features a powerful 20V motor and a 360-degree swivel head, providing excellent maneuverability. Apr 13, 2023 ... Exposure to loud and hazardous noises are often associated with metal-cutting environments and can permanently damage one's hearing. Use ...Fit the saw with a metal-cutting blade. When you’re cutting metal, go for something spiky and abrasive. Steel-tooth and carbide-tooth blades are both good choices. A 7 in (18 cm) blade is the perfect size for most circular saws and projects. Select a 4 in (10 cm) if you’re using an angle grinder.However, developments in tooling have improved the cutting precision of the hacksaw. These days, most pros cut metal parts with a reciprocating saw, but they keep hacksaws on hand for jobs that …Step 1: Prepare the workplace and tools. In this method, you will need to prepare the following items: Wrench. Marker or pencil. Tape. Dremel rotary tool. Dremel …In the machining industry, metal laser cutting is an important subtractive manufacturing process that involves using a. Skip to content. Call Us: +86-0755-2998-8842 | Email: [email protected]. ISO 9001/ISO 13485/ISO 14001 Certified. Get a Free DFM Feedback. Get a Free DFM Feedback. Home.Waterjet cutting is extensively used in the food industry because of the sanitation and productivity advantages it offers. The USDA also approves its usage as the process does not contaminate the food with bacteria or other contaminants.. The waterjet executes precise cutting and portioning of small and large food items such as candies, …

Jigsaws are great for cutting metal because they’re so versatile – you can use them to make straight cuts, curves, and even circles. Plus, they’re relatively inexpensive and easy to find [6] . If you don’t have a jigsaw, though, you can also use a hacksaw or an electric drill with a metal-cutting attachment.. How much is fcpx

cutting metal

The most classic way to cut metal (especially steel or aluminum) is by using a hacksaw. These tools are small and cheap and are best for cutting into really …To make straight cuts, clamp your metal piece in a vice and use a hacksaw. If your metal is thinner than 3mm you could also use a brake press guillotine or a ...To make straight cuts, clamp your metal piece in a vice and use a hacksaw. If your metal is thinner than 3mm you could also use a brake press guillotine or a ...Thinner disks are used for cutting metal sheeting such as roof cladding. These cut quicker with less friction so there's less damage to protective coating/paint on sheets. However, they also wear away somewhat quicker. Diamond coated disks can be used for cutting brick, stone, concrete, roofing slates, roof tiles and floor and wall tiles.Follow our step-by-step guide below on how to set up and use your Angle Grinder safely and efficiently for cutting metal. 1. Select the Right Disc and Angle. Pick the right cutting disc by considering the material to be cut (ferrous or non-ferrous), depth of cut (disc size), and type of cut. 2.OSH Cut is revolutionizing precision sheet metal and plate manufacturing. We offer instant online prices and rapid lead-times for precision sheet metal parts, including metal laser cutting, tapping, deburring and graining, metal bending, and powder coating. We can make your custom sheet metal parts as fast as same-day.Lecture 8. Metal Cutting. Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the material that is processed. Usually, the portion that is fractured away is in small sized pieces, called chips. Common cutting processes include sawing, shaping (or planing), broaching, drilling, grinding, turning and milling. Although the actual machines, tools and ...The powerful National Association of Realtors has agreed to eliminate rules on commissions to settle lawsuits and to pay $418 million in damages, the …Jul 27, 2015 ... Proper Positioning and Other Tips · Use the cutting wheel at a 90-degree angle, perpendicular to the work surface. · Apply the proper amount of ...Utility Knife. As you might anticipate, fabrication and construction experts have a range of techniques they employ to quickly cut metal stock. Using …Jan 16, 2020 · Evolution Metal Cutting 7.25” Circular Saw – Cut Metal, Saw Steel – 7 1/4” TCT Circular Saw Blade Included | 45 degree Bevel Cut | Dry-Cut Saw | 15 Amp Corded S185CCSL – Accurate. Powerful. Powerful. Metal Cutting Bandsaw Blades Find by LengthCustom LengthFind by MachinePortable BandsawsSee our precision-engineered metal cutting bandsaw blades, designed for superior efficiency. The high performance of these blades effortlessly cut through various metals, delivering clean and precise cuts. Expertly engineered for precision and …Cutting fluid is a (cutting tool) life saver in operations like tapping, reaming and drilling. Drilling in particular calls for lubrication at the drill’s tip and flushing to eject chips from the hole. Without fluids, chips can bind in the hole, and average roughness of the machined surface can be twice as high as what is possible with a wet ...Best Cutting Torch Kits. 1. Victor Technologies Medalist 250 Cutting Torch Kit – Best Medium Duty Torch. The Victor Technologies cutting torch can cut up to 1/2 inche and welds up to 5/64 inches. It can be used by home hobbyists or for light industrial work. The Medalist 250 is a medium-duty industrial unit.Hilti Diamond blades and cup wheels - SPX Metal-cutting diamond blade - Ultimate diamond blade for superior cutting performance in metal and other base ....

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